EDUCATIONAL SIMULATION NOTICE:
This is a simplified classroom model, not a transformer design, wiring, protection, or safety calculator. Mains and other energized circuits can cause shock, arc, fire, or fatal injury. Do not build or service transformers from values shown here; use qualified procedures, rated equipment, and applicable electrical rules.
Interface styling/icons use external Tailwind CSS and Font Awesome CDNs. If they are blocked, the physics logic can still load but the interface may be unstyled or icons may be missing. This file is not fully offline.
Model scope: ideal single-phase sinusoidal transformer, fixed 60 Hz source, separate windings, unity-power-factor resistive secondary load, no winding resistance/leakage regulation/magnetizing current/saturation/core geometry/temperature/insulation design. The optional efficiency slider is user-assumed lumped bookkeeping, not a design prediction. Arithmetic outputs can exceed realistic component ratings because current density, insulation, thermal limits, saturation and regulation are intentionally not modeled.
Transformer Lab
Ideal AC Model
Idealized 60 Hz turns-ratio, resistive-load & induction learning model
AC numeric labels are RMS values; the plotted sine uses the corresponding peak (√2 × RMS). Animation is intentionally slowed while calculations use a fixed 60 Hz teaching source.
Interactive Circuit Parameters
V RMS
1 V120 V240 V
turns
turns
Ω
Mathematical Derivation
Ratio 5 : 1
Step 1: Turns Ratio ($a$)
a = Np / Ns = 500 / 100= 5.00
Step 2: Output Voltage ($V_s$)
Vs = Vp × (Ns / Np)
Vs = 120 V × (100 / 500) = 24.0 V
Step 3: Resistive Load & Power Bookkeeping
Secondary Current Is = Vs / RL:2.40 A
Output Power Pout = Vs × Is:57.6 W
Primary Current Ip = P / Vp:0.48 A
Power & Efficiency Toggle
Assumed Lumped Efficiency ($\eta$):95%
This slider is an assumed bookkeeping efficiency. It does not predict a real transformer from geometry, materials, frequency, temperature, or load regulation.
Copper Resistance
$I^2 R$ Joule heating in primary and secondary copper wire turns.
Core Hysteresis Loss
Energy spent continually flipping ferromagnetic magnetic domains in the iron.
Eddy-Current Loss
Circulating currents induced in the core metal. Mitigated by laminating iron sheets.
Leakage & Regulation
Not all primary flux links the secondary. Leakage flux contributes leakage inductance and voltage regulation; this lab does not calculate it as a separate heat loss.
ParameterValue
Input Power (Pin):57.6 W
Assumed Lumped Loss (Ploss):0.0 W
Useful Output (Pout):57.6 W
Changing Flux: AC vs Steady DC
FARADAY'S LAW OF INDUCTION
e.m.f = - N × (ΔΦ / Δt)
In this ideal winding model, induced EMF depends on the rate of change of linked magnetic flux. A switched or changing DC source can create a transient; steady DC does not sustain transformer action.
AC Operation Active:
The AC voltage constantly reverses polarity, causing the magnetic flux in the core to alternate smoothly. This continuous field change constantly induces voltage in the secondary coil.
Physics Challenges
Practice ideal-transformer equations and model limits